02845nas a2200289   4500008004600000245020000046210006900246300001400315490000700329520183100336653001202167653002002179653003902199653003702238653003102275653002702306653003802333653002402371653001702395653002102412653002002433100001402453700001502467700001202482700001102494856005002505       Submitted                   eng d     00aComparative venom toxicity between Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) toward the hemocytes of their natural hosts, non-target insects and cultured insect cells0 aComparative venom toxicity between Pteromalus puparum and Nasoni  a337 - 3490 v463 aCrude venoms from two parasitoid species, Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were assayed for biological activities toward hemocytes from two species of their natural hosts and eight species of their non-natural hosts as well as two lines of cultured Lepidoptera cells, respectively. By inhibiting the spreading and viability of insect hemocytes, the venom from P. puparum displayed significantly higher activities toward plasmatocytes and granular cells from both larvae and pupae of two natural hosts, Pieris rapae and Papilio xuthus, and lower activity toward those from Spodoptera litura, Musca domestica and Sarcophaga peregrina. However, no effect was found towards any type of hemocytes from other five insects tested, namely, Ectropis oblique, Galleria mellonella, Sesamia inferens, Bombyx mori and Parnara guttata. In contrast, the venom from N. vitripennis showed a narrower range of targeted insects. It appeared to have highly adverse effects on the spreading and viability of plasmatocytes and granular cells only from the natural hosts, M. domestica and S. peregrina, little toxicity to cells from P. rapae and P. xuthus, and no effect on any of the other insects tested. Pteromalus puparum venom also apparently presented a high ability to block the spreading of Tn-5B1-4 cells derived from Trichoplusia ni, and high cytotoxicity to the cells and Ha cells derived from Helicoverpa armigera. Nasonia vitripennis venom, however, only had a marked lethal effect to Ha cells. In addition, the possibility that the host range of a defined parasitoid could be assessed using our method of treating hemocytes from candidate insects with venom in vitro, and the potential of our venoms tested in the development of bio-insecticides, insect-resistant transgenic plants, are discussed.10aAnimals10aCells, Cultured10aGranulocytes/cytology/drug effects10aHemocytes/cytology/*drug effects10aHost-Parasite Interactions10aHymenoptera/*chemistry10aLepidoptera/cytology/drug effects10aSpecies Specificity10aTime Factors10aVenoms/*toxicity10aWasps/chemistry1 aZhang, Z.1 aYe, G., Y.1 aCai, J.1 aHu, C.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/65002659nas a2200337   4500008004600000245014100046210006900187300001200256490000800268520152600276653002601802653002301828653002401851653002801875653001201903653003301915653004501948653002101993653003502014653001402049653004402063653003102107653002402138653002902162100001902191700001402210700001602224700001602240700001502256856005002271       Submitted                   eng d     00aExtended FMRFamides in dipteran insects: conservative expression in the neuroendocrine system is accompanied by rapid sequence evolution0 aExtended FMRFamides in dipteran insects conservative expression   a52 - 580 v1623 aExtended FMRFamides are found throughout the central nervous system (CNS) of insects and exhibit diverse physiological effects on different target organs, such as muscles, intestine, and the nervous system. The genes encoding for extended FMRFamides are known from a number of flies, including Drosophila species, and the pest insects Lucilia cuprina, Calliphora vomitoria, and Musca domestica. No data, however, exist about the expression of the numerous paralogs of the latter three species, and studies on Drosophila melanogaster resulted in controversial findings. We could unambiguously verify, that all predictable products of the extended FMRFamide precursor are expressed in neurohemal tissues of the thoracic neuromers of these flies and can easily be identified and also sequenced by using single specimens. In addition to the confirmation of extended FMRFamides in species with known precursor sequences, the current knowledge about homologous peptides of Sarcophaga (=Neobellieria) bullata could be extended by de novo sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry. The most intriguing finding in this study was the detection of an internal gene duplication, followed by an amino acid substitution, in an insecticide-resistant strain of L. cuprina. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of such an intraspecific event and confirms the low conservation of the extended FMRFamide gene sequences. In insects, no other neuropeptide family is known that shows such sequence variability between related species.10a*Evolution, Molecular10a*Genetic Variation10aAmino Acid Sequence10aAmino Acid Substitution10aAnimals10aDiptera/*genetics/metabolism10aFMRFamide/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism10aGene Duplication10aHouseflies/genetics/metabolism10aPhylogeny10aProtein Precursors/chemistry/metabolism10aSequence Analysis, Protein10aSpecies Specificity10aTandem Mass Spectrometry1 aRahman, M., M.1 aFromm, B.1 aNeupert, S.1 aKreusch, S.1 aPredel, R.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/27902392nas a2200301   4500008004600000245007500046210006900121300000700190490000700197520143100204653001201635653002701647653004701674653003001721653003401751653004301785653003101828653001801859653002201877653003201899653002701931653002401958100001401982700001601996700001202012700001702024856004902041       Submitted                   eng d     00aUtility of multi-gene loci for forensic species diagnosis of blowflies0 aUtility of multigene loci for forensic species diagnosis of blow  a590 v113 aContemporary studies in forensic entomology exhaustively evaluate gene sequences because these constitute the fastest and most accurate method of species identification. For this purpose single gene segments, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) in particular, are commonly used. However, the limitation of such sequences in identification, especially of closely related species and populations, demand a multi-gene approach. But this raises the question of which group of genes can best fulfill the identification task? In this context the utility of five gene segments was explored among blowfly species from two distinct geographic regions, China and Pakistan. COI, cytochrome b (CYTB), NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5), nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2), were sequenced for eight blowfly species including Chrysomya megacephala F. (Diptera: Calliphoidae), Ch. pinguis Walker, Lucilia sericata Meigen L. porphyrina Walker, L. illustris Meigen Hemipyrellia ligurriens Wiedemann, Aldrichina grahami Aldrich, and the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Muscidae), from Hangzhou, China; while COI, CYTB, and ITS2 were sequenced for four species, i.e. Ch. megacephala, Ch. rufifacies, L. cuprina, and the flesh fly, Sarcophaga albiceps Meigen (Sarcophagidae), from Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan. The results demonstrate a universal utility of these gene segments in the molecular identification of flies of forensic importance.10aAnimals10aCytochromes b/genetics10aDiptera/chemistry/*classification/genetics10aDNA, Intergenic/chemistry10aDNA, Mitochondrial/*chemistry10aElectron Transport Complex IV/genetics10aForensic Sciences/*methods10aGenes, Insect10aGenetic Variation10aNADH Dehydrogenase/genetics10aSequence Analysis, DNA10aSpecies Specificity1 aZaidi, F.1 aWei, S., J.1 aShi, M.1 aChen, X., X.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/44