02802nas a2200313   4500008004600000245017800046210006900224300001400293490000700307520167000314653001701984653002802001653001202029653001602041653002502057653003702082653003502119653002902154653003602183653004202219653003502261653003402296653003602330100001402366700001602380700002002396700002202416856005002438       Submitted                   eng d     00aDiapause hormone in the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea: optimum temperature for activity, structure-activity relationships, and efficacy in accelerating flesh fly pupariation0 aDiapause hormone in the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea optimum tem  a196 - 2050 v293 aDiapause hormone (DH) effectively terminated pupal diapause in Helicoverpa zea. This effect was temperature-dependent, with an optimum of 21 degrees C. The dose-response curve indicated an ED50 of DH for diapause termination of approximately 100 pmol. The core sequence and essential amino acids were determined by bioassays using modified and truncated DH analogs. A C-terminal hepta-peptide, LWFGPRLa, was the core sequence required for diapause termination. Activity was lost when Alanine was substituted for any of the amino acids in the hepta-peptide, with the exception of Glycine. A fragment series of analogs suggested that the amide and Arginine were the most important components needed for terminating diapause. Leucine, Tryptophan, and Phenylalanine at the N-terminus of the hepta-peptide were also critical for activity. The C-terminal Leucine was less important: deletion resulted in decreased activity, although it could not be substituted by Alanine. The fact that a portion of the DH sequence is similar to the pyrokinin that accelerates fly pupariation prompted us to also evaluate the capability of DH to accelerate development in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata. The threshold dose of DH essential to accelerate fly pupariation was 5 pmol for immobilization/retraction and longitudinal contraction and 10 pmol for tanning, approximately one or two orders of magnitude lower than the effective dose required for diapause termination in H. zea. Tensiometric measurements revealed that DH affected neuromuscular patterns of pupariation behavior and associated cuticular changes in a manner similar to that of the fly pyrokinins and their analogs.10a*Temperature10aAmino Acid Substitution10aAnimals10adevelopment10aDiptera/*growth &amp10aDose-Response Relationship, Drug10aLarva/drug effects/growth &amp10aLepidoptera/*growth &amp10aMuscle Contraction/drug effects10aNeuropeptides/chemistry/*pharmacology10aPeptide Fragments/pharmacology10aPupa/drug effects/growth &amp10aStructure-Activity Relationship1 aZhang, Q.1 aZd'arek, J.1 aNachman, R., J.1 aDenlinger, D., L.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/36302191nas a2200241   4500008004600000245013100046210006900177300001400246490000700260520134400267653001201611653004601623653004501669653002501714653001101739653002201750653001001772653001601782653006901798100001701867700001501884856005001899       Submitted                   eng d     00aPossible involvement of distinct photoreceptors in the photoperiodic induction of diapause in the flesh fly Sarcophaga similis0 aPossible involvement of distinct photoreceptors in the photoperi  a401 - 4070 v553 aPhysiological characteristics of the photoreceptors involved in the photoperiodic induction of diapause were investigated in the flesh fly Sarcophaga similis. Both the early and late phases of scotophase were sensitive to light and a light pulse during each of these phases prevented diapause. Certain physiological differences between the phases were, nevertheless, detected. Compared with early scotophase, late scotophase required a light pulse with a long period and a large number of night interruption photoperiodic cycles in order to effectively prevent diapause. The diapause-averting effects of a light pulse during early scotophase were canceled by an additional long dark period, but those during late scotophase were not. Thus, the diapause-averting effects produced during early scotophase are different to those produced during late scotophase. The early scotophase was sensitive to light at wavelengths of 470nm or shorter, but not to light of 583nm or longer. In contrast, the late scotophase was sensitive to light of a broad range of wavelengths, ranging from 395 to 660nm. Furthermore, the early scotophase was considerably more sensitive to monochromatic light with low photon flux density than the late scotophase. These results suggest that different types of photoreceptor are involved in the photoperiodic response.10aAnimals10adevelopment/physiology/*radiation effects10adevelopment/physiology/radiation effects10aDiptera/*growth &amp10aFemale10aLarva/growth &amp10aLight10aPhotoperiod10aPhotoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*physiology/*radiation effects1 aGoto, S., G.1 aNumata, H.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/283