02638nas a2200313   4500008004600000245014100046210006900187300001400256490000700270520155500277653001201832653002101844653002401865653002001889653005801909653002401967653003801991653003402029653005102063653002002114653001202134653001702146100002302163700002102186700002402207700002102231700002202252856005002274       Submitted                   eng d     00aTemporal expression patterns of diapause-associated genes in flesh fly pupae from the onset of diapause through post-diapause quiescence0 aTemporal expression patterns of diapauseassociated genes in fles  a631 - 6400 v513 aDistinct differences in the temporal expression patterns of genes associated with pupal diapause were noted in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. The first change observed was a decline in expression of the gene encoding heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) 2 days after pupariation (1 day before the pupa reaches the phanerocephalic stage characteristic of diapause). In contrast, hsp23 and hsp70 transcripts were undetectable in nondiapause samples and d1-d4 diapause-programmed pupae, but were up-regulated just after the start of diapause, 5 days after pupariation. An increase of glycerol content in diapausing pupae was also noted at the start of diapause. The gene encoding proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) was diapause down-regulated, and this occurred in two phases, with the first decline in expression 7 days after pupariation and a second decline in the level of expression on day 14. For pupae held at 20 degrees C for 20 days and transferred to 10 degrees C, diapause ended after 90-100 days at the lower temperature. However, pupae remained in a state of post-diapause quiescence (d100-d150) and sustained diapause-like hsp and pcna expression patterns until adult development was initiated. Glycerol concentrations and survival declined during the post-diapause phase. This study suggests a distinct sequence in the pattern of gene expression at the onset of diapause, but the genes we have monitored do not contribute to the switch to covert developmental potential at the transition from diapause to post-diapause quiescence.10aAnimals10aCold Temperature10aDiptera/*physiology10aDown-Regulation10aGene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*physiology10aGlycerol/metabolism10aHeat-Shock Proteins/*biosynthesis10aInsect Proteins/*biosynthesis10aProliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/*metabolism10aPupa/physiology10aSeasons10aTime Factors1 aHayward, S., A. L.1 aPavlides, S., C.1 aTammariello, S., P.1 aRinehart, J., P.1 aDenlinger, D., L.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/64702663nas a2200265   4500008004600000245011800046210006900164300001400233490000700247520177500254653002402029653001202053653003002065653002802095653003402123653004202157653003002199653002002229653002802249100002002277700001502297700001802312700001702330856005002347       Submitted                   eng d     00aBiphasic metabolic rate trajectory of pupal diapause termination and post-diapause development in a tephritid fly0 aBiphasic metabolic rate trajectory of pupal diapause termination  a344 - 3500 v553 aMetabolic depression is a highly conserved feature of insect diapause, and an increase in metabolism is a reliable indicator of diapause termination and the initiation of post-diapause development. The trajectory of metabolic rate following diapause termination can guide the identification of important physiological and developmental landmarks during this developmental transition, yet quantitative descriptions of these trajectories are relatively rare. Here we track changes in metabolic rate from diapause through diapause termination and pharate adult development in Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), a univoltine tephritid fly that diapauses in the pupal stage. Using respirometric monitoring we show that diapause termination and subsequent pharate adult development is characterized by a biphasic increase in metabolic rate. Respiration rate initially increases logistically, reaching a plateau that is followed by a final, exponential increase terminating in adult eclosion. We develop a non-linear model describing this pattern with easily interpretable landmarks, and we map visible landmarks of morphogenesis onto the trajectory. The bulk of visible morphogenesis in pharate adult development occurs relatively late in the trajectory during the final, exponential phase, that matches the U-shaped trajectory of non-diapause individuals. These results mirror a qualitative description of the same trajectories of diapause and non-diapause flesh flies (Sarcophaga). Overall, our results suggest that (1) the course of diapause breakage and post-diapause development may be evolutionarily conserved in higher flies with pupal diapause, and (2) the biphasic trajectory is distinct from a more continuous trajectory observed during direct development.10a*Models, Biological10aAnimals10aCarbon Dioxide/metabolism10adevelopment/*physiology10aEnergy Metabolism/*physiology10aMetamorphosis, Biological/*physiology10aMorphogenesis/*physiology10aPupa/physiology10aTephritidae/growth &amp1 aRagland, G., J.1 aFuller, J.1 aFeder, J., L.1 aHahn, D., A.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/287