02234nas a2200301   4500008004600000245007700046210006900123300001400192490000700206520130700213653002001520653001201540653002101552653002701573653004101600653002601641653003301667653003001700653003301730653001701763100001801780700002101798700001501819700001901834700001701853700001201870856005001882       Submitted                   eng d     00aA peptide from insects protects transgenic tobacco from a parasitic weed0 apeptide from insects protects transgenic tobacco from a parasiti  a227 - 2360 v143 aParasitic plants present some of the most intractable weed problems for agriculture in much of the world. Species of root parasites such as Orobanche can cause enormous yield losses, yet few control measures are effective and affordable. An ideal solution to this problem is the development of parasite-resistant crops, but this goal has been elusive for most susceptible crops. Here we report a mechanism for resistance to the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche based on expression of sarcotoxin IA in transgenic tobacco. Sarcotoxin IA is a 40-residue peptide with antibiotic activity, originally isolated from the fly, Sarcophaga peregrina. The sarcotoxin IA gene was fused to an Orobanche-inducible promoter, HMG2, which is induced locally in the host root at the point of contact with the parasite, and used to transform tobacco. The resulting transgenic plants accumulated more biomass than non-transformed plants in the presence of parasites. Furthermore, plants expressing sarcotoxin IA showed enhanced resistance to O. aegyptiaca as evidenced by abnormal parasite development and higher parasite mortality after attachment as compared to non-transformed plants. The transgenic plants were similar in appearance to non-transformed plants suggesting that sarcotoxin IA is not detrimental to the host.10a*Plant Diseases10aAnimals10aDiptera/genetics10aHMGB2 Protein/genetics10aInsect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism10aOrobanche/*physiology10aPlants, Genetically Modified10aPromoter Regions, Genetic10aTobacco/*genetics/metabolism10aTransfection1 aHamamouch, N.1 aWestwood, J., H.1 aBanner, I.1 aCramer, C., L.1 aGepstein, S.1 aAly, R.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/65102480nas a2200289   4500008004600000245014900046210006900195300001400264490000700278520146600285653003901751653001201790653003901802653003901841653004501880653003401925653001101959653004101970653003102011653001002042653001602052653002202068100001502090700001702105700001802122856005002140       Submitted                   eng d     00aClock genes period and timeless are rhythmically expressed in brains of newly hatched, photosensitive larvae of the fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis0 aClock genes period and timeless are rhythmically expressed in br  a408 - 4140 v553 aWhile roles of the clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) are relatively well understood in relation to circadian clocks, their potential roles in insect photoperiodism remain enigmatic. In this study, the expression of per and tim genes under two contrasting photoperiods is described in the central nervous system of photoperiodically sensitive, newly hatched first instar larvae of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. Using qPCR, diel oscillations were observed in the mRNA levels of both genes under long-day (15 h light:9h dark, promotes direct development) and short-day conditions (11 h light:13 h dark, induces pupal diapause). Peak per and tim mRNA oscillations were closely associated with the light/dark transition. The conspicuous difference between the two photoperiodic conditions was that the sharp increase in per and tim mRNA abundance occurred during the light phase under long days but during the dark phase under short days. The diel oscillations were, at least in part, driven by an endogenous component, as demonstrated by transferring larvae to continuous darkness. The cells displaying Tim- and Per-like immunoreactivities (Tim- and Per-LIRs) were localized using anti-Drosophila-Per and anti-Chymomyza-Tim antibodies. Per-LIR and Tim-LIR co-localized in three groups of cells in each brain hemisphere. Two other groups, one in the brain hemispheres and the other in the fused ventral nerve ganglion, expressed only the Per-LIR.10a*Gene Expression/radiation effects10aAnimals10aBrain/metabolism/radiation effects10aCircadian Rhythm/radiation effects10adevelopment/metabolism/radiation effects10aDiptera/*genetics/growth &amp10aFemale10aInsect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism10aLarva/genetics/growth &amp10aLight10aPhotoperiod10aProtein Transport1 aKostal, V.1 aZavodska, R.1 aDenlinger, D.  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/285