02340nas a2200157   4500008004600000020001600046245015100062210006900213300001600282490000900298520176300307100002202070700002302092700001702115856005002132       Submitted                   eng d       a{0379-0738}00aIdentification of forensically important Chrysomya (Diptera : Calliphoridae) species using the second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS2)0 aIdentification of forensically important Chrysomya Diptera Calli  a{238 - 247}0 v{1773 a{The identification of forensically important blowflies of the genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) may be hampered by their close morphological similarities, especially as immatures. In contrast to most previous studies, the utility of a nuclear rather than mitochondrial genetic marker was investigated to solve this problem. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified and sequenced from all nine Chrysomya species known from Australia. Difficulties encountered with direct sequencing of ITS2 for Chrysomya flavifrons necessitated cloning prior to sequencing for this species, which revealed a low level (0-0.23\%) of intraindividual variation. Five restriction enzymes (DraI, BsaXI, BciVI, AseI and HinfI) were identified that were able to differentiate most members of the genus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The PCR-RFLP analysis revealed characteristic restriction profiles for all species except the closely related species pairs Chrysomya latifrons + Chrysomya semimetallica and Chrysomya incisuralis + Chrysomya rufifacies. Ch. incisuralis and Ch. rufifacies were able to be separated using the size differences resulting from amplification of the entire ITS region. The lack of intraspecific ITS2 sequence variation among eight Ch. incisuralis specimens was verified by the identical restriction profiles generated from these specimens. A DNA-based approach, such as PCR-RFLP, has the-capacity to be useful for the identification of forensic entomological evidence in cases where morphological characters are unreliable. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.01.009}1 aNelson, Leigh, A.1 aWallman, James, F.1 aDowton, Mark  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/32801863nas a2200157   4500008004600000020001600046245009000062210006900152300001400221490000900235520134700244100002601591700002301617700001701640856004801657       Submitted                   eng d       a{0937-9827}00aDNA-based identification of forensically important Australian Sarcophagidae (Diptera)0 aDNAbased identification of forensically important Australian Sar  a{27 - 32}0 v{1253 a{The utility of the forensically important Sarcophagidae (Diptera) for time since death estimates has been severely limited, as morphological identification is difficult and thermobiological histories are inadequately documented. A molecular identification method involving the sequencing of a 658-bp `barcode' fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 85 specimens, representing 16 Australian species from varying populations, was evaluated. Nucleotide sequence divergences were calculated using the Kimura-two-parameter distance model and a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree generated. All species were resolved as reciprocally monophyletic, except Sarcophaga dux. Intraspecific and interspecific variation ranged from 0.000\% to 1.499\% (SE = 0.044\%) and 6.658\% to 8.983\% (SE = 0.653\%), respectively. The COI `barcode' sequence was found to be suitable for the molecular identification of the studied Australian Sarcophagidae: 96.5\% of the examined specimens were assigned to the correct species. Given that the sarcophagid fauna is poorly described, it is feasible that the few incorrectly assigned specimens represent cryptic species. The results of this research will be instrumental for implementation of the Australian Sarcophagidae in forensic entomology.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00414-009-0395-y}1 aMeiklejohn, Kelly, A.1 aWallman, James, F.1 aDowton, Mark  uhttps://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/node/2