@article {650,
	title = {Comparative venom toxicity between Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) toward the hemocytes of their natural hosts, non-target insects and cultured insect cells},
	volume = {46},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.enghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=16026808},
	pages = {337 - 349},
	abstract = {Crude venoms from two parasitoid species, Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were assayed for biological activities toward hemocytes from two species of their natural hosts and eight species of their non-natural hosts as well as two lines of cultured Lepidoptera cells, respectively. By inhibiting the spreading and viability of insect hemocytes, the venom from P. puparum displayed significantly higher activities toward plasmatocytes and granular cells from both larvae and pupae of two natural hosts, Pieris rapae and Papilio xuthus, and lower activity toward those from Spodoptera litura, Musca domestica and Sarcophaga peregrina. However, no effect was found towards any type of hemocytes from other five insects tested, namely, Ectropis oblique, Galleria mellonella, Sesamia inferens, Bombyx mori and Parnara guttata. In contrast, the venom from N. vitripennis showed a narrower range of targeted insects. It appeared to have highly adverse effects on the spreading and viability of plasmatocytes and granular cells only from the natural hosts, M. domestica and S. peregrina, little toxicity to cells from P. rapae and P. xuthus, and no effect on any of the other insects tested. Pteromalus puparum venom also apparently presented a high ability to block the spreading of Tn-5B1-4 cells derived from Trichoplusia ni, and high cytotoxicity to the cells and Ha cells derived from Helicoverpa armigera. Nasonia vitripennis venom, however, only had a marked lethal effect to Ha cells. In addition, the possibility that the host range of a defined parasitoid could be assessed using our method of treating hemocytes from candidate insects with venom in vitro, and the potential of our venoms tested in the development of bio-insecticides, insect-resistant transgenic plants, are discussed.},
	keywords = {Animals, Cells, Cultured, Granulocytes/cytology/drug effects, Hemocytes/cytology/*drug effects, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hymenoptera/*chemistry, Lepidoptera/cytology/drug effects, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Venoms/*toxicity, Wasps/chemistry},
	author = {Zhang, Z. and Ye, G. Y. and Cai, J. and Hu, C.}
}
@article {538,
	title = {Inherent potential for production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human intestinal macrophages},
	volume = {21},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalInstitute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.enghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=16091914},
	pages = {339 - 347},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by the macrophages in intestines appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Crohn{\textquoteright}s disease (CD). However, it is reported that resident intestinal macrophages (both colonic and small-bowel) do not produce TNF after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. It has not yet been proven whether or not intestinal macrophages have an inherent potential to produce TNF. The purpose of this study is to answer this question. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Colonic macrophages were isolated from lamina propria of human large intestine and stimulated with a variety of substances: LPS, a lipid A derivative (ONO-4007), killed Streptococcus bacterial body (OK-432), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and lectins (pokeweed mitogen and Sarcophaga lectin). RESULTS: Colonic macrophages were phenotypically negative for CD14 and positive for CD68 and produced very little TNF in response to LPS, as reported previously. Of the substances tested, only Sarcophaga lectin, which is a defense protein of fleshflies (Sarcophaga peregrina), induced TNF production by the intestinal macrophages. In addition, when the colonic macrophages were cultured on immunoglobulin-A-coated dishes, their characteristic response to LPS was altered, and they produced TNF at a level 6.6 times higher than when on collagen-coated dishes. CONCLUSION: Colonic macrophages have an inherent ability to produce TNF. Activation of colonic macrophages by unknown substances may contribute to the induction of TNF production, which causes the intestinal inflammation of CD.},
	keywords = {*Macrophage Activation, Antigens, CD, Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic, Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology, Carcinogens/pharmacology, Cells, Cultured, Collagen, Colon/*metabolism, Culture Techniques/instrumentation, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Insect Proteins/pharmacology, Lectins, C-Type, Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology, Macrophages/*metabolism, Mitogens/pharmacology, Picibanil/pharmacology, Pokeweed Mitogens/pharmacology, Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*biosynthesis},
	author = {Nakata, K. and Inagawa, H. and Nishizawa, T. and Honda, T. and Kohchi, C. and Tonomoto, Y. and Yoshimura, H. and Nagasue, N. and Natori, S. and Terada, H. and Soma, G.}
}
