@article {885,
	title = {Expression of the recombinant antibacterial peptide sarcotoxin IA in Escherichia coli cells},
	volume = {28},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalShemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia. vitaly@fibkh.serpukhov.suenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=12699700},
	pages = {350 - 356},
	abstract = {Sarcotoxin IA is an antibacterial peptide that is secreted by a meat-fly Sarcophaga peregrina larva in response to a hypodermic injury or bacterial infection. This peptide is highly toxic against a broad spectrum of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and lethal to microbes even at nanomolar concentrations. However, research needs as well as its potential use in medicine require substantial amounts of highly purified sarcotoxin. Because heterologous expression systems proved to be inefficient due to sarcotoxin sensitivity to intracellular proteases, here we propose the biosynthesis of sarcotoxin precursors in Escherichia coli cells that are highly sensitive to the mature peptide. To optimize its biosynthesis, sarcotoxin was translationally fused with proteins highly expressed in E. coli. A fusion partner and the position of sarcotoxin in the chimeric polypeptide were crucial for protecting the sarcotoxin portion of the fusion protein from proteolysis. Released after chemical cleavage of the fusion protein and purified to homogeneity, sarcotoxin displayed antibacterial activity comparable to that previously reported for the natural peptide.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cloning, Molecular, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Escherichia coli/cytology/*genetics, Glutathione Transferase/genetics/isolation \&amp, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Insect Proteins/genetics/isolation \&amp, Luminescent Proteins/genetics/isolation \&amp, Mass Spectrometry/methods, Molecular Sequence Data, purification/*metabolism, purification/metabolism, Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/isolation \&amp, Time Factors},
	author = {Skosyrev, V. S. and Kulesskiy, E. A. and Yakhnin, A. V. and Temirov, Y. V. and Vinokurov, L. M.}
}
@article {767,
	title = {Factors related to the attraction of flies at a biosolids composting facility (Bariloche, Argentina)},
	volume = {328},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalSoil Staff, CRUB-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina. flaos@crub.uncoma.edu.arenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=15207571},
	pages = {33 - 40},
	publisher = {Copyright 2004 Elsevier B.V.},
	abstract = {The composting process is used to treat biosolids from the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Bariloche (NW Patagonia, Argentina). Since 1998, an odourless, innocuous and stable organic amendment has been produced at the Biosolids Composting Plant of Bariloche. However, volatile compounds produced during this process, attract different vectors, mainly insects belonging to the Order Diptera, particularly in summer. To evaluate factors associated with the attraction of Diptera to composting windrows, volatile compounds, wind velocity, ambient and windrow temperatures were measured and their relationships with the taxa of flies found were determined. Sampling was conducted several months on newly formed windrows during 3 weeks of the thermophilic composting period. Composite samples from each windrow were taken on the first day of each sampling week, from November 1999 to March 2000 to analyze volatile compounds using an {\textquoteright}electronic nose{\textquoteright}. Windrow and ambient temperatures and wind velocity were recorded on three consecutive days of each week, from January to March 2000; also the capture of flies was performed in this period. A weekly mean value was calculated for each environmental variable. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was employed to determine relationships between taxa of flies and the studied factors. The electronic nose discriminated among odours emitted, differentiating windrows by the bulking agent employed and by week of the thermophilic composting period. Ambient temperatures increased slightly during the sampling weeks; the highest values of wind velocity were registered during the second sampling week while windrow temperatures were sustained approximately 60 degrees C. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that attraction of flies to composting windrows was related to minimum and maximum ambient temperatures and volatile compounds for Muscina stabulans, Fannia sp. and Acaliptratae and to wind velocity for Ophyra sp., Sarcophaga sp., Cochliomyia macellaria and Phaenicia sericata.},
	keywords = {*Refuse Disposal, *Soil, Animals, Argentina, Diptera/*physiology, Organic Chemicals/*analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Volatilization, Wind},
	author = {Laos, F. and Semenas, L. and Labud, V.}
}
@article {647,
	title = {Temporal expression patterns of diapause-associated genes in flesh fly pupae from the onset of diapause through post-diapause quiescence},
	volume = {51},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. salh@liv.ac.ukenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=15993127},
	pages = {631 - 640},
	abstract = {Distinct differences in the temporal expression patterns of genes associated with pupal diapause were noted in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. The first change observed was a decline in expression of the gene encoding heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) 2 days after pupariation (1 day before the pupa reaches the phanerocephalic stage characteristic of diapause). In contrast, hsp23 and hsp70 transcripts were undetectable in nondiapause samples and d1-d4 diapause-programmed pupae, but were up-regulated just after the start of diapause, 5 days after pupariation. An increase of glycerol content in diapausing pupae was also noted at the start of diapause. The gene encoding proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) was diapause down-regulated, and this occurred in two phases, with the first decline in expression 7 days after pupariation and a second decline in the level of expression on day 14. For pupae held at 20 degrees C for 20 days and transferred to 10 degrees C, diapause ended after 90-100 days at the lower temperature. However, pupae remained in a state of post-diapause quiescence (d100-d150) and sustained diapause-like hsp and pcna expression patterns until adult development was initiated. Glycerol concentrations and survival declined during the post-diapause phase. This study suggests a distinct sequence in the pattern of gene expression at the onset of diapause, but the genes we have monitored do not contribute to the switch to covert developmental potential at the transition from diapause to post-diapause quiescence.},
	keywords = {Animals, Cold Temperature, Diptera/*physiology, Down-Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*physiology, Glycerol/metabolism, Heat-Shock Proteins/*biosynthesis, Insect Proteins/*biosynthesis, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/*metabolism, Pupa/physiology, Seasons, Time Factors},
	author = {Hayward, S. A. L. and Pavlides, S. C. and Tammariello, S. P. and Rinehart, J. P. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {650,
	title = {Comparative venom toxicity between Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) toward the hemocytes of their natural hosts, non-target insects and cultured insect cells},
	volume = {46},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.enghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=16026808},
	pages = {337 - 349},
	abstract = {Crude venoms from two parasitoid species, Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were assayed for biological activities toward hemocytes from two species of their natural hosts and eight species of their non-natural hosts as well as two lines of cultured Lepidoptera cells, respectively. By inhibiting the spreading and viability of insect hemocytes, the venom from P. puparum displayed significantly higher activities toward plasmatocytes and granular cells from both larvae and pupae of two natural hosts, Pieris rapae and Papilio xuthus, and lower activity toward those from Spodoptera litura, Musca domestica and Sarcophaga peregrina. However, no effect was found towards any type of hemocytes from other five insects tested, namely, Ectropis oblique, Galleria mellonella, Sesamia inferens, Bombyx mori and Parnara guttata. In contrast, the venom from N. vitripennis showed a narrower range of targeted insects. It appeared to have highly adverse effects on the spreading and viability of plasmatocytes and granular cells only from the natural hosts, M. domestica and S. peregrina, little toxicity to cells from P. rapae and P. xuthus, and no effect on any of the other insects tested. Pteromalus puparum venom also apparently presented a high ability to block the spreading of Tn-5B1-4 cells derived from Trichoplusia ni, and high cytotoxicity to the cells and Ha cells derived from Helicoverpa armigera. Nasonia vitripennis venom, however, only had a marked lethal effect to Ha cells. In addition, the possibility that the host range of a defined parasitoid could be assessed using our method of treating hemocytes from candidate insects with venom in vitro, and the potential of our venoms tested in the development of bio-insecticides, insect-resistant transgenic plants, are discussed.},
	keywords = {Animals, Cells, Cultured, Granulocytes/cytology/drug effects, Hemocytes/cytology/*drug effects, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hymenoptera/*chemistry, Lepidoptera/cytology/drug effects, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Venoms/*toxicity, Wasps/chemistry},
	author = {Zhang, Z. and Ye, G. Y. and Cai, J. and Hu, C.}
}
@article {547,
	title = {A nondiapausing variant of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata, that shows arrhythmic adult eclosion and elevated expression of two circadian clock genes, period and timeless},
	volume = {52},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Biology \&amp; Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan. shingoto@sci.osaka-cu.ac.jpeng SI  - GENBANK/AB080235 SIhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=17054977},
	pages = {1213 - 1218},
	abstract = {We describe a variant of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata, which fails to enter pupal diapause in response to short daylength and low temperatures. This fly also has an arrhythmic adult eclosion pattern: rather than eclosing in early photophase, the variant ecloses arrhythmically throughout the photophase and scotophase. The loss of both diapause (photoperiodic response) and the gating of adult eclosion (presumably a circadian response) suggests that the same clock system is involved in these two responses. An examination of the expression patterns of the clock genes period and timeless demonstrates that both genes are present in the nondiapausing variant, but surprisingly, both genes are expressed at higher levels. This abnormality we observe, possibly the consequence of an upstream clock gene malfunction or a malfunction of the autoregulatory loop, results in disruption of a component of the clock system that is apparently needed for both photoperiodism and circadian rhythmicity.},
	keywords = {Animals, Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology, Diptera/genetics/*physiology, DNA Primers/chemistry, Drosophila Proteins/analysis/biosynthesis/genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics/*physiology, Insect Proteins/analysis/*biosynthesis/genetics, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Nuclear Proteins/analysis/biosynthesis/genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary, RNA, Messenger/analysis, Temperature, Time Factors},
	author = {Goto, S. G. and Han, B. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {467,
	title = {Shifts in the carbohydrate, polyol, and amino acid pools during rapid cold-hardening and diapause-associated cold-hardening in flesh flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis): a metabolomic comparison},
	volume = {177},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1242, USA. michaud.11@osu.eduenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=17576567},
	pages = {753 - 763},
	abstract = {Flesh flies can enhance their cold hardiness by entering a photoperiod-induced pupal diapause or by a temperature-induced rapid cold-hardening process. To determine whether the same or different metabolites are involved in these two responses, derivatized polar extracts from flesh flies subjected to these treatments were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). This metabolomic approach demonstrated that levels of metabolites involved in glycolysis (glycerol, glucose, alanine, pyruvate) were elevated by both treatments. Metabolites elevated uniquely in response to rapid cold-hardening include glutamine, cystathionine, sorbitol, and urea while levels of beta-alanine, ornithine, trehalose, and mannose levels were reduced. Rapid cold-hardening also uniquely perturbed the urea cycle. In addition to the elevated metabolites shared with rapid cold-hardening, leucine concentrations were uniquely elevated during diapause while levels of a number of other amino acids were reduced. Pools of two aerobic metabolic intermediates, fumarate and citrate, were reduced during diapause, indicating a reduction of Krebs cycle activity. Principal component analysis demonstrated that rapid cold-hardening and diapause are metabolically distinct from their untreated, non-diapausing counterparts. We discuss the possible contribution of each altered metabolite in enhancing the overall cold hardiness of the organism, as well as the efficacy of GC-MS metabolomics for investigating insect physiological systems.},
	keywords = {*Carbohydrate Metabolism, *Cold Temperature, Amino Acids/*metabolism, Animals, Diptera/metabolism/*physiology, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Models, Biological, Polymers/*metabolism, Principal Component Analysis, Time Factors},
	author = {Michaud, M. R. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
