@article {649,
	title = {A virus essential for insect host-parasite interactions encodes cystatins},
	volume = {79},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalInstitut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l{\textquoteright}Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours.eng SI  - GENBANK/AJ632321http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=16014938},
	pages = {9765 - 9776},
	abstract = {Cotesia congregata is a parasitoid wasp that injects its eggs in the host caterpillar Manduca sexta. In this host-parasite interaction, successful parasitism is ensured by a third partner: a bracovirus. The relationship between parasitic wasps and bracoviruses constitutes one of the few known mutualisms between viruses and eukaryotes. The C. congregata bracovirus (CcBV) is injected at the same time as the wasp eggs in the host hemolymph. Expression of viral genes alters the caterpillar{\textquoteright}s immune defense responses and developmental program, resulting in the creation of a favorable environment for the survival and emergence of adult parasitoid wasps. Here, we describe the characterization of a CcBV multigene family which is highly expressed during parasitism and which encodes three proteins with homology to members of the cystatin superfamily. Cystatins are tightly binding, reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Other cysteine protease inhibitors have been described for lepidopteran viruses; however, this is the first description of the presence of cystatins in a viral genome. The expression and purification of a recombinant form of one of the CcBV cystatins, cystatin 1, revealed that this viral cystatin is functional having potent inhibitory activity towards the cysteine proteases papain, human cathepsins L and B and Sarcophaga cathepsin B in assays in vitro. CcBV cystatins are, therefore, likely to play a role in host caterpillar physiological deregulation by inhibiting host target proteases in the course of the host-parasite interaction.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Cathepsins/antagonists \&amp, Cystatins/genetics/isolation \&amp, Diptera/enzymology, Genes, Viral, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, inhibitors, Manduca/*parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Multigene Family/physiology, OID - NLM: PMC1181612, Ovum/virology, Papain/antagonists \&amp, PMC - PMC1181612, Polydnaviridae/*metabolism, purification/*metabolism/pharmacology, Sequence Alignment, Wasps/*metabolism/*physiology/virology},
	author = {Espagne, E. and Douris, V. and Lalmanach, G. and Provost, B. and Cattolico, L. and Lesobre, J. and Kurata, S. and Iatrou, K. and Drezen, J. M. and Huguet, E.}
}
@article {650,
	title = {Comparative venom toxicity between Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) toward the hemocytes of their natural hosts, non-target insects and cultured insect cells},
	volume = {46},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.enghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=16026808},
	pages = {337 - 349},
	abstract = {Crude venoms from two parasitoid species, Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were assayed for biological activities toward hemocytes from two species of their natural hosts and eight species of their non-natural hosts as well as two lines of cultured Lepidoptera cells, respectively. By inhibiting the spreading and viability of insect hemocytes, the venom from P. puparum displayed significantly higher activities toward plasmatocytes and granular cells from both larvae and pupae of two natural hosts, Pieris rapae and Papilio xuthus, and lower activity toward those from Spodoptera litura, Musca domestica and Sarcophaga peregrina. However, no effect was found towards any type of hemocytes from other five insects tested, namely, Ectropis oblique, Galleria mellonella, Sesamia inferens, Bombyx mori and Parnara guttata. In contrast, the venom from N. vitripennis showed a narrower range of targeted insects. It appeared to have highly adverse effects on the spreading and viability of plasmatocytes and granular cells only from the natural hosts, M. domestica and S. peregrina, little toxicity to cells from P. rapae and P. xuthus, and no effect on any of the other insects tested. Pteromalus puparum venom also apparently presented a high ability to block the spreading of Tn-5B1-4 cells derived from Trichoplusia ni, and high cytotoxicity to the cells and Ha cells derived from Helicoverpa armigera. Nasonia vitripennis venom, however, only had a marked lethal effect to Ha cells. In addition, the possibility that the host range of a defined parasitoid could be assessed using our method of treating hemocytes from candidate insects with venom in vitro, and the potential of our venoms tested in the development of bio-insecticides, insect-resistant transgenic plants, are discussed.},
	keywords = {Animals, Cells, Cultured, Granulocytes/cytology/drug effects, Hemocytes/cytology/*drug effects, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hymenoptera/*chemistry, Lepidoptera/cytology/drug effects, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Venoms/*toxicity, Wasps/chemistry},
	author = {Zhang, Z. and Ye, G. Y. and Cai, J. and Hu, C.}
}
