@article {544,
	title = {The myosin filament superlattice in the flight muscles of flies: A-band lattice optimisation for stretch-activation?},
	volume = {361},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalBiological Structure \&amp; Function Section, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK. j.squire@imperial.ac.ukenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=16887144},
	pages = {823 - 838},
	abstract = {Low-angle X-ray diffraction patterns from relaxed fruitfly (Drosophila) flight muscle recorded on the BioCat beamline at the Argonne Advanced Photon Source (APS) show many features similar to such patterns from the "classic" insect flight muscle in Lethocerus, the giant water bug, but there is a characteristically different pattern of sampling of the myosin filament layer-lines, which indicates the presence of a superlattice of myosin filaments in the Drosophila A-band. We show from analysis of the structure factor for this lattice that the sampling pattern is exactly as expected if adjacent four-stranded myosin filaments, of repeat 116 nm, are axially shifted in the hexagonal A-band lattice by one-third of the 14.5 nm axial spacing between crowns of myosin heads. In addition, electron micrographs of Drosophila and other flies (e.g. the house fly (Musca) and the flesh fly (Sarcophaga)) combined with image processing confirm that the same A-band superlattice occurs in all of these flies; it may be a general property of the Diptera. The different A-band organisation in flies compared with Lethocerus, which operates at a much lower wing beat frequency (approximately 30 Hz) and requires a warm-up period, may be a way of optimising the myosin and actin filament geometry needed both for stretch activation at the higher wing beat frequencies (50 Hz to 1000 Hz) of flies and their need for a rapid escape response.},
	keywords = {Animals, Computer Simulation, Drosophila/*metabolism, Female, Flight, Animal/*physiology, Microfilaments/*chemistry, Models, Biological, Muscles/*chemistry/ultrastructure, Myosins/*chemistry, Structure-Activity Relationship, X-Ray Diffraction},
	author = {Squire, J. M. and Bekyarova, T. and Farman, G. and Gore, D. and Rajkumar, G. and Knupp, C. and Lucaveche, C. and Reedy, M. C. and Reedy, M. K. and Irving, T. C.}
}
@article {467,
	title = {Shifts in the carbohydrate, polyol, and amino acid pools during rapid cold-hardening and diapause-associated cold-hardening in flesh flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis): a metabolomic comparison},
	volume = {177},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1242, USA. michaud.11@osu.eduenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=17576567},
	pages = {753 - 763},
	abstract = {Flesh flies can enhance their cold hardiness by entering a photoperiod-induced pupal diapause or by a temperature-induced rapid cold-hardening process. To determine whether the same or different metabolites are involved in these two responses, derivatized polar extracts from flesh flies subjected to these treatments were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). This metabolomic approach demonstrated that levels of metabolites involved in glycolysis (glycerol, glucose, alanine, pyruvate) were elevated by both treatments. Metabolites elevated uniquely in response to rapid cold-hardening include glutamine, cystathionine, sorbitol, and urea while levels of beta-alanine, ornithine, trehalose, and mannose levels were reduced. Rapid cold-hardening also uniquely perturbed the urea cycle. In addition to the elevated metabolites shared with rapid cold-hardening, leucine concentrations were uniquely elevated during diapause while levels of a number of other amino acids were reduced. Pools of two aerobic metabolic intermediates, fumarate and citrate, were reduced during diapause, indicating a reduction of Krebs cycle activity. Principal component analysis demonstrated that rapid cold-hardening and diapause are metabolically distinct from their untreated, non-diapausing counterparts. We discuss the possible contribution of each altered metabolite in enhancing the overall cold hardiness of the organism, as well as the efficacy of GC-MS metabolomics for investigating insect physiological systems.},
	keywords = {*Carbohydrate Metabolism, *Cold Temperature, Amino Acids/*metabolism, Animals, Diptera/metabolism/*physiology, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Models, Biological, Polymers/*metabolism, Principal Component Analysis, Time Factors},
	author = {Michaud, M. R. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
