@article {770,
	title = {In vivo and in vitro rapid cold-hardening protects cells from cold-shock injury in the flesh fly},
	volume = {174},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.enghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=15503055},
	pages = {611 - 615},
	abstract = {The capacity to undergo rapid the cold-hardening response (RCH) has been documented in diverse groups of insects and functions to protect against non-freezing cold injury and to preserve physiological performance in response to environmental cooling. The RCH response is remarkable for the rapidity of its induction; however the mechanism by which insects perceive cold and transduce this input at the cellular level has received little attention. To test the hypothesis that cells from isolated tissues can undergo RCH in response to cold, we assessed cell viability in four tissues that had undergone either RCH (0 degree C, 2 h followed by -8 degrees C, 2 h) or cold-shock (-8 degrees C, 2 h) both in vivo and in vitro from the adult flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) using fluorescent probes. Adult flies showed a significantly higher survival rate in the RCH group than in the cold-shocked group. Similarly, in all tissues tested, both in vivo and in vitro, RCH significantly improved cell survival compared with the respective cold-shocked groups. To our knowledge this is the first report to demonstrate that isolated cells and tissues from insects can undergo RCH. These results indicate that insect cells are capable of cold-sensing without neuroendocrine mediation; direct induction at the cellular level also helps to explain the swiftness of the RCH response.},
	keywords = {*Cold Temperature, Acclimatization/*physiology, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology, Cell Survival/physiology, Diptera/*physiology, Fat Body/physiology, Fluorescent Dyes, Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology, Malpighian Tubules/physiology, Salivary Glands/physiology},
	author = {Yi, S. X. and Lee, R. E., Jr.}
}
@article {541,
	title = {Rapid cold-hardening increases membrane fluidity and cold tolerance of insect cells},
	volume = {52},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalaDepartment of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA. leere@muohio.eduenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=16626678},
	pages = {459 - 463},
	abstract = {The rapid cold-hardening (RCH) response not only confers dramatic protection against cold-shock (non-freezing) injury, but also "instantaneously" enhances organismal performance. Since cold-shock injury is associated with damage to the cell membrane, we investigated the relationship between RCH and changes in cold tolerance and membrane fluidity at the cellular level. None of the adult flies (Sarcophaga bullata) in the cold-shocked treatment group survived direct transfer to -8 degrees C for 2 h; in contrast, 64.5\% of flies in the RCH group survived exposure to -8 degrees C. Differences between the treatment groups also were reflected at the cellular level; only 21.3\% of fat body cells in the cold-shocked group survived compared to 68.5\% in the RCH group. Using 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy, we determined that membrane fluidity increased concurrently with rapid cold-hardening of fat body cells. This result suggests that membrane characteristics may be modified very rapidly to protect cells against cold-shock injury.},
	keywords = {*Cold Temperature, *Membrane Fluidity, *Tephritidae, Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Cell Survival, Fat Body/*cytology, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy},
	author = {Lee, R. E., Jr. and Damodaran, K. and Yi, S. X. and Lorigan, G. A.}
}
@article {545,
	title = {Oleic acid is elevated in cell membranes during rapid cold-hardening and pupal diapause in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis},
	volume = {52},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1242, USA. michaud.11@osu.eduenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=16997319},
	pages = {1073 - 1082},
	abstract = {The integrity of cellular membranes is critical to the survival of insects at low temperatures, thus an advantage is conferred to insects that can adjust their composition of membrane fatty acids (FAs). Such changes contribute to homeoviscous adaption, a process that allows cellular membranes to maintain a liquid-crystalline state at temperatures that are potentially low enough to cause the membrane to enter the gel state and thereby lose its ability to maintain homeostasis. Flesh flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis) were subjected to two experimental conditions that elicit low temperature tolerance: rapid cold-hardening and diapause. FAs were isolated and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FAs changed in response to both rapid cold-hardening and diapause. In response to rapid cold-hardening (8 h at 4 degrees C), the proportion of oleic acid (18:1n-9) in pharate adults increased from 30\% to 47\% of the total FA pool. The proportion of almost every other FA was reduced. By entering diapause, pupae experienced an even greater increase in oleic acid proportion, to 58\% of the total FA pool. Oleic acid not only promotes membrane fluidity at low temperature but also allows the cell membrane to maintain a liquid crystalline state if temperatures increase.},
	keywords = {*Cold Temperature, Acclimatization/*physiology, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Cell Membrane/*metabolism, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Diptera/metabolism/*physiology, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hibernation/*physiology, Oleic Acid/*metabolism, Pupa/metabolism/physiology},
	author = {Michaud, M. R. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {467,
	title = {Shifts in the carbohydrate, polyol, and amino acid pools during rapid cold-hardening and diapause-associated cold-hardening in flesh flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis): a metabolomic comparison},
	volume = {177},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1242, USA. michaud.11@osu.eduenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=17576567},
	pages = {753 - 763},
	abstract = {Flesh flies can enhance their cold hardiness by entering a photoperiod-induced pupal diapause or by a temperature-induced rapid cold-hardening process. To determine whether the same or different metabolites are involved in these two responses, derivatized polar extracts from flesh flies subjected to these treatments were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). This metabolomic approach demonstrated that levels of metabolites involved in glycolysis (glycerol, glucose, alanine, pyruvate) were elevated by both treatments. Metabolites elevated uniquely in response to rapid cold-hardening include glutamine, cystathionine, sorbitol, and urea while levels of beta-alanine, ornithine, trehalose, and mannose levels were reduced. Rapid cold-hardening also uniquely perturbed the urea cycle. In addition to the elevated metabolites shared with rapid cold-hardening, leucine concentrations were uniquely elevated during diapause while levels of a number of other amino acids were reduced. Pools of two aerobic metabolic intermediates, fumarate and citrate, were reduced during diapause, indicating a reduction of Krebs cycle activity. Principal component analysis demonstrated that rapid cold-hardening and diapause are metabolically distinct from their untreated, non-diapausing counterparts. We discuss the possible contribution of each altered metabolite in enhancing the overall cold hardiness of the organism, as well as the efficacy of GC-MS metabolomics for investigating insect physiological systems.},
	keywords = {*Carbohydrate Metabolism, *Cold Temperature, Amino Acids/*metabolism, Animals, Diptera/metabolism/*physiology, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Models, Biological, Polymers/*metabolism, Principal Component Analysis, Time Factors},
	author = {Michaud, M. R. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {470,
	title = {p38 MAPK is a likely component of the signal transduction pathway triggering rapid cold hardening in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis},
	volume = {210},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, 400 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. fujiwara.6@osu.eduenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=17766307},
	pages = {3295 - 3300},
	abstract = {Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is an adaptation enabling insects to quickly respond to low temperature, but little is known about the molecular events that trigger this response. In this study of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, we explore a possible role for mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the low temperature signaling that elicits RCH. We report that p38 MAPK from S. crassipalpis, which shows high cDNA sequence homology to p38 MAPKs from other insects and mammals, is rapidly activated at temperatures around 0 degrees C, temperatures that are most effective for inducing RCH. By contrast, low temperature does not activate either extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). An increase in phospho-p38 MAPK was observed within 10 min following exposure to 0 degrees C and reached its maximum level in 2 h. When flies were transferred from 0 to 25 degrees C, the level of phospho-p38 MAPK decreased immediately and reached trace levels by 3 h. Nondiapausing flies were much more responsive to p38 MAPK activation than cold-hardy diapausing pupae. Thus, p38 MAPK activation and RCH both show the same narrow ranges of temperature sensitivity, temporal profiles of activation and decay, and developmental specificity. These correlations suggest that p38 MAPK plays a potential role in regulating the induction of RCH. The p38 MAPK response was not dependent upon the brain, as evidenced by high activation in isolated abdomens exposed to low temperature.},
	keywords = {*Cold Temperature, Acclimatization/*physiology, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cloning, Molecular, development/*physiology, Diptera/*enzymology/growth \&amp, Enzyme Activation, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism, Phosphorylation, Pupa, Signal Transduction/*physiology},
	author = {Fujiwara, Y. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
