@article {469,
	title = {High temperature and hexane break pupal diapause in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, by activating ERK/MAPK},
	volume = {53},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, 400 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. fujiwara.6@osu.eduenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=17681525},
	pages = {1276 - 1282},
	abstract = {Pupal diapause in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, can be terminated by exposure to high temperatures or, artificially, with a topical application of organic solvents. To analyze the molecular mechanisms involved in diapause termination we explored the possibility that the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are involved in this response. Levels of phospho-ERK increased within 10 min after hexane application. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was also activated when pupae were transferred from 20 to 25 degrees C, thus suggesting that ERK activation is a likely component of the signal transduction pathway used to initiate development in response to diapause-terminating signals. 20-Hydroxyecdysone and cyclic GMP terminate diapause in this fly, and the juvenile hormone analog methoprene shortens the diapause, but none of these agents activated ERK. ERK was readily activated in isolated abdomens treated with hexane, thus we conclude that ERK is directly activated by the hexane treatment. ERK activation was evident in the brain, epidermis, midgut and fat body, but not in the ventral nerve mass or ring gland, thus suggesting that ERK does not act directly on the ring gland to promote ecdysteroid synthesis but exerts its effect through stimulation of the brain.},
	keywords = {*Hot Temperature, Animals, Cloning, Molecular, Diptera/drug effects/*physiology, DNA, Complementary/genetics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ecdysterone/pharmacology, Enzyme Activation/drug effects, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/genetics/*metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Hexanes/*pharmacology, Methoprene/pharmacology, Nucleotides, Cyclic/pharmacology, Pupa/drug effects/physiology, Signal Transduction/physiology},
	author = {Fujiwara, Y. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {363,
	title = {Diapause hormone in the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea: optimum temperature for activity, structure-activity relationships, and efficacy in accelerating flesh fly pupariation},
	volume = {29},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.enghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=18206265},
	pages = {196 - 205},
	abstract = {Diapause hormone (DH) effectively terminated pupal diapause in Helicoverpa zea. This effect was temperature-dependent, with an optimum of 21 degrees C. The dose-response curve indicated an ED50 of DH for diapause termination of approximately 100 pmol. The core sequence and essential amino acids were determined by bioassays using modified and truncated DH analogs. A C-terminal hepta-peptide, LWFGPRLa, was the core sequence required for diapause termination. Activity was lost when Alanine was substituted for any of the amino acids in the hepta-peptide, with the exception of Glycine. A fragment series of analogs suggested that the amide and Arginine were the most important components needed for terminating diapause. Leucine, Tryptophan, and Phenylalanine at the N-terminus of the hepta-peptide were also critical for activity. The C-terminal Leucine was less important: deletion resulted in decreased activity, although it could not be substituted by Alanine. The fact that a portion of the DH sequence is similar to the pyrokinin that accelerates fly pupariation prompted us to also evaluate the capability of DH to accelerate development in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata. The threshold dose of DH essential to accelerate fly pupariation was 5 pmol for immobilization/retraction and longitudinal contraction and 10 pmol for tanning, approximately one or two orders of magnitude lower than the effective dose required for diapause termination in H. zea. Tensiometric measurements revealed that DH affected neuromuscular patterns of pupariation behavior and associated cuticular changes in a manner similar to that of the fly pyrokinins and their analogs.},
	keywords = {*Temperature, Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, development, Diptera/*growth \&amp, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Larva/drug effects/growth \&amp, Lepidoptera/*growth \&amp, Muscle Contraction/drug effects, Neuropeptides/chemistry/*pharmacology, Peptide Fragments/pharmacology, Pupa/drug effects/growth \&amp, Structure-Activity Relationship},
	author = {Zhang, Q. and Zd{\textquoteright}arek, J. and Nachman, R. J. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
