@article {1859,
	title = {Toxicity of the venom from Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) toward fly hosts, nontarget insects, different developmental stages, and cultured insect cells},
	volume = {31},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {Sarcophaga bullata03-11-200306-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {755 - 765},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Hink, W. F. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {1790,
	title = {Redirection of metabolism in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata, following envenomation by the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis and correlation of metabolic effects with the diapause status of the host},
	volume = {40},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {21-06-200306-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {207 - 215},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {1791,
	title = {Developmental fate of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata, envenomated by the pupal ectoparasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis},
	volume = {40},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {21-06-200306-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {127},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {1772,
	title = {Water relationships in the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis during larval diapause},
	volume = {19},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {22-06-200306-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {373 - 378},
	author = {Yoder, J. A. and Rivers, D. B. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {1706,
	title = {Fecundity and development of the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis are dependent on host quality},
	volume = {76},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {21-06-200306-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {15 - 24},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {1330,
	title = {Cold hardiness of the fly pupal parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis is enhanced by its host Sarcophaga crassipalpis},
	volume = {46},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {30-04-200406-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {99 - 106},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Lee, R. E., Jr and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {1202,
	title = {Cold hardiness of the fly pupal parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis is enhanced by its host Sarcophaga crassipalpis},
	volume = {46},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {08-10-200906-02-2012NormalDepartment of Biology, Loyola College in Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, USAENGhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=12770263},
	pages = {99 - 106},
	abstract = {Supercooling points (SCPs) and low temperature survival were determined for diapausing and nondiapausing larvae of the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. Neither nondiapausing nor diapausing larvae could survive tissue freezing. The SCP profiles were nearly identical for nondiapause-destined (-27 degrees C) and diapausing larvae (-25 degrees C), but these values were not indicative of the lower limits of tolerance in either type of larvae: larvae were killed by chilling at temperatures well above the SCP. Diapausing larvae could withstand low temperature exposures 3-8 times longer than their nondiapausing counterparts. Low temperature survival was enhanced in diapausing and nondiapausing larvae by their encasement within the puparium of the host flesh fly, SARCOPHAGA CRASSIPALPIS: the LT(50)s determined for nondiapausing and diapausing larvae enclosed by fly puparia were 2-3 times higher than values calculated for larvae removed from the puparia. Additional low temperature protection was gained through acquisition of host cryoprotectants during larval feeding: nondiapausing parasitoid larvae that fed on diapausing flesh fly pupae with high levels of glycerol were able to survive exposure to a subzero temperature 4-9 times longer than wasps reared on nondiapausing fly pupae that contained lower quantities of glycerol. Alanine may also contribute to the cold hardiness of N. vitripennis, as evidenced by the fact that larvae feeding on diapausing fly pupae both contained higher concentrations of alanine and exhibited greater cold hardiness. The results thus demonstrate that several critical features of cold hardiness in the wasp are derived from biochemical and physical attributes of the host.},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Lee, R. E. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {1062,
	title = {The ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) differentially affects cells mediating the immune response of its flesh fly host, Sarcophaga bullata Parker (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)},
	volume = {48},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {Cellular immune responses in Sarcophaga bullata parasitized by Nasonia vitripennis08-09-200306-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {1053 - 1064},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Ruggiero, L. and Hayes, M.}
}
@article {1023,
	title = {Upregulation of transcripts encoding select heat shock proteins in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis in response to venom from the ectoparasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis},
	volume = {79},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {29-04-200406-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {62 - 63},
	author = {Rinehart, J. P. and Denlinger, D. L. and Rivers, D. B.}
}
@article {841,
	title = {Evaluation of host responses to envenomation as a means to assess ectoparasitic pteromalid wasp{\textquoteright}s potential for controlling manure-breeding flies},
	volume = {30},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {09-06-200506-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {181 - 192},
	author = {Rivers, D. B.}
}
@article {807,
	title = {Disruption of pupariation and eclosion behavior in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata Parker (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), by venom from the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)},
	volume = {57},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {19-03-200606-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {78 - 91},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Zd{\'a}rek, J. and Denlinger, D. L.}
}
@article {612,
	title = {Stress-induced accumulation of glycerol in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata: Evidence indicating anti-desiccant and cryoprotectant functions of this polyol and a role for the brain in coordinating the response},
	volume = {52},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {01-08-200606-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {202 - 214},
	author = {Yoder, J. A. and Benoit, J. B. and Denlinger, D. L. and Rivers, D. B.}
}
@article {569,
	title = {Venom from the ectoparasitic wasp Melittobia digitata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) induces paralysis and developmental delay in natural and factitious hosts},
	volume = {99},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {Melittobia digitata Dahms (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious ectoparasitoid that attacks the pupae of solitary bees and wasps. Although this wasp has been intensively studied in terms of behavior and life history, almost nothing is known about its venom. Moreover, the use of venom in the host-parasite relationship has been disputed despite observations that parasitized hosts seem to be halted in development and enter a state of paralysis. In this study, we examined the role of venom from M. digitata during parasitism by comparing the developmental fate of natural (alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F.) and factitious (yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. and flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker)) hosts after either natural envenomation or artificial venom injection. Isolated crude venom collected either by "milking" adult females or by dissections of venom glands was nearly equally effective in halting the development of M. rotundata, T molitor, and S. bullata. Host responses to venom injection were dependent on the developmental stage of the host tested and concentration of venom injected. For all three hosts, venom seemed to induce paralysis, but the onset of paralysis was not the same in each host. T molitor and M. rotundata entered a paralyzed state several hours (2-4) earlier than larvae of S. bullata. Likewise, the type of paralysis induced by venom from M. digitata was not the same for the three insects tested as evidenced by limited mobility and some progression of development in venom-injected M. rotundata and T. molitor, and a flaccid paralysis characterized by complete immobilization in larvae of S. bullata. Ultimately, all venom-injected hosts that became paralyzed eventually died. Our data suggest two potential modes of action for M. digitata venom16-07-200706-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {1199 - 1205},
	author = {Deyrup, L. D. and Rivers, D. B. and Matthews, R. W.}
}
@article {516,
	title = {Characterization of phenoloxidase activity in venom from the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)},
	volume = {94},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {Crude venom isolated from the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis was found to possess phenoloxidase (PO) activity. Enzyme activity was detected by using a modified dot blot analysis approach in which venom samples were applied to nylon membranes and incubated with either L-DOPA or dopamine. Dot formation was most intense with dopamine as the substrate and no activators appeared to be necessary to evoke a melanization reaction. No melanization occurred when venom was incubated in Schneider{\textquoteright}s insect medium containing 10\% fetal bovine serum or when using tyrosine as a substrate, but melanization did occur when larval or pupal plasma from the fly host, Sarcophaga bullata, was exposed to tyrosine. Only fly larval plasma induced an enzyme reaction with the Schneider{\textquoteright}s insect medium. The PO inhibitor phenylthiourea (PTU) and serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) abolished PO activity in venom and host plasma samples, but glutathione (reduced) only inhibited venom PO. Elicitors of PO activity (sodium dodecyl sulfate and trypsin) had no or a modest effect (increase) on the ability of venom, or larval and pupal plasma to trigger melanization reactions. SDS-PAGE separation of crude venom followed by in-gel staining using L-DOPA as a substrate revealed two venom proteins with PO activity with estimated molecular weights of 68 and 160kDa. In vitro assays using BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells were performed to determine the importance of venom PO in triggering cellular changes and evoking cell death. When cell monolayers were pre-treated with 10 mM PTU or PMSF prior to venom exposure, the cells were protected from the effects of venom intoxication as evidenced by no observable cellular morphological changes and over 90\% cell viability by 24h after venom treatment. Simultaneous addition of inhibitors with venom or lower concentrations of PMSF were less effective in affording protection. These observations collectively argue that wasp venom PO is unique from that of the fly hosts, and that the venom enzyme is critical in the intoxication pathway leading to cell death15-07-200706-02-2012Normal},
	pages = {108 - 118},
	author = {Abt, M. and Rivers, D. B.}
}
@article {39,
	title = {Physiological trade-offs of forming maggot masses by necrophagous flies on vertebrate carrion},
	volume = {101},
	year = {Submitted},
	note = {28-12-201106-02-2012Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, USA. drivers@loyola.eduenghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=21729395},
	pages = {599 - 611},
	abstract = {Necrophagous flies that colonize human and animal corpses are extremely efficient at locating and utilizing carrion. Adult flies deposit eggs or larvae on the ephemeral food resource, which signals the beginning of intense inter- and intra-species competition. Within a short period of time after egg hatch, large larval aggregations or maggot masses form. A period of intense larval feeding ensues that will culminate with consumption/decomposition of all soft tissues associated with the corpse. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of these feeding aggregations is heat production; that is, the capacity to generate internal heat that can exceed ambient temperatures by 30 degrees C or more. While observations of maggot mass formation and heat generation have been described in the research literature for more than 50 years, our understanding of maggot masses, particularly the physiological ecology of the aggregations as a whole, is rudimentary. In this review, an examination of what is known about the formation of maggot masses is presented, as well as arguments for the physiological benefits and limitations of developing in feeding aggregations that, at times, can represent regions of intense competition, overcrowded conditions, or a microclimate with elevated temperatures approaching or exceeding proteotoxic stress levels.},
	keywords = {*Feeding Behavior, Animals, Competitive Behavior, Female, Forensic Sciences, Hot Temperature, Larva/physiology, Male, Population Density, Reproduction, Sarcophagidae/*physiology, Vertebrates/parasitology},
	author = {Rivers, D. B. and Thompson, C. and Brogan, R.}
}
